passive and active sentences

PASSIVE  N'  ACTIVE  SENTENCES

I.      SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

     Active  : s + v₁ / v_1s/es + o

     Passive : (s dari o) + tobe1 + v₃ + by + (o dari s)

II.   PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

Active  : s + tobe₁ + v_1ing + o

Passive : s + tobe₁ + being + v₃ + by + o

III.     PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Active          : s + have / has + v₃ + o

Passive        : s + have / has + been + v₃ + by + o

IV.      PAST FUTURE TENSE

Active          : s + should / would + v₁ + o

Passive       : s + should / would + have + been + v₃ + by + o

V.   SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Active  : s +  shall / will + v₁ + o

Passive : s + shall / will + be + v₃ + by + o

VI.      PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Active          : s + shall / will + have + v₃ + by + o

Passive       : s + shall / will + have + been + v₃ + by + o

  

VII.  PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Active          : s + should / would + have + v₃ + o

Passive       : s + should / would + have + been + v₃ + by + o

VIII.                       SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Active          : s + v₂ + o

Passive        : s + tobe₂ + v₃ + by + o

IX.      PAST CONTINOUS TENSE

Active          : s + tobe₂ + v_1ing + o

Passive        : s + tobe₂ + being + v₃ + by + o

X.   PAST PERFECT TENSE

Active  : s + had + v₃ + o

Passive : s + had + been + v₃ + by + o

XI.BENTUK LAIN

Active          : s + modals + v₁ + o

Passive        : s + modals + be + v₃ + by + o

Read More..

direct speech

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

#  Reporting   :    (present tense)

 Reported : tidak berubah, hanya subjek/objek pada reportednya disesuaikan dengan reportingnya.

1.     DS     : s + v_1s/es, "s + aux …"

IS      : s + v_1s/es + that + s + aux … 

2.     DS     : s + v_1s/es, "s + v₁ / v_1s/es / v₂ …

IS      : s + v_1s/es + that + s + v₁ / v_1s/es / v₂ …

#  Reporting   : (past tense)

    Reported    : -    present tense (s + v1s/es) >>> past tense (s + v2)

-         past tense (s + v2) >>> past perfect tense (s + had +v3)

-         past perfect tense >>> tetap

-         aux1 >>> aux2

-         modal2 >>> tetap

1.     DS     : s + v₂, "s + aux₁ …"

IS      : s + v₂ + that + s + aux₂ …

2.     DS     : s + v₂, "s + v₁ / v_1s/es …"

IS      : s + v₂ + that + s + v₂ …

3.     DS     : s + v₂, "s + modal₂ …"

IS      : s + v₂ + that + s + modal₂ …

4.     DS     : s + v₂, "s + v₂ …"

IS      : s + v₂ + that + s + had + v₃ …

5.     DS     : s + v₂, "s + had + v₃ …"

IS      : s + v₂ + that + s + had + v₃ …

# Reporting    :   aux (to be, to have, to do, modals)

Reported  : mengunakan kata penghubung "if / whether"  (apakah).

1. DS   : s + v_1s/es, "aux + s …?"

    IS    : s + v_1s/es + if / whether + s + aux …

2. DS   : s + v_1s/es, do / does / did + s + v₁ …?"

    IS    : s + v_1s/es + if / whether + s + v_1s/es / v₂ …

   

3. DS   : s + v₂, "aux1 + s …?"

    IS    : s + v₂ + if / whether + s + aux₂ …

4. DS   : s + v₂, "do / does + s + v₁ …?"

    IS    : s + v₂ + if / whether + s + v₂ …

5. DS   : s + v₂, "did + s + v₁ …?"

    IS    : s + v₂ + if / whether + s + had + v₃ …

                       

Read More..